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File: thumbspage/viewer_thumbs.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
"""
==============================================================================
viewer_thumbs.py - part of the thumbspage image-gallery builder
From: 'Programming Python, 4th Edition', Author/Copyright M. Lutz, 2010-2020.
License: Provided freely but with no warranty of any kind.
Display all images in a directory as thumbnail-image buttons that display
full-size images when clicked. Requires Pillow for JPEGs and thumbnail image
creation. To do: add scrolling if too many thumbs for window, and image
scaling if image too big for display (see PyPhoto or thumbspage for both).
This module is now part of thumbspage, which reuses the thumbnail generation
and other functions here. This code has evolved much since its PP4E version,
as described by the major-change sections that follow. Tags of the form
"[N.M]" in this file refer to thumbspage release numbers.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2017: Forked version in PyPhoto
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PyGadgets' PyPhoto now uses a forked and enhanced version of this module,
which can store all of a folder's thumbnails in a single pickle file,
and better detects changes in the source images set:
http://learning-python.com/
pygadgets-products/unzipped/_PyPhoto/PIL/viewer_thumbs.py
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2018: Integrate most PyPhoto fork enhancements
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified to skip non-image items in image folder by MIME type, not
exception, and integrate PyPhoto's fix for a Pillow tiff thumbs crash.
Also uses latest "best" downsize filter name in Pillows that have it,
and in script/GUI mode displays a note with PyPhoto/thumbspage links.
PyPhoto's pickle file and change detection are still not used here.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2018: Work around Pillow too-many-open-files bug
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This module codes a workaround for a Pillow (PIL) bug that occurs only
in limited usage contexts for folders having very many images. In brief,
Pillow's auto-close of loaded image files does not work as documented,
which can lead to "Too many open files" errors after many thumbnails
have been generated. In thumbspage, this meant that results could reflect
partial source content for very large folders, though only on Mac OS in
general. The best fix is to manually open and close image files here,
instead of passing filenames to Pillow. Read on for all the details.
The Bug:
This bug was seen only on Mac OS when running source code in a shell
(specifically, on Mac OS 10.13 and 10.15, and Pillow 4.2.1 and 5.1.0).
It does not occur when running a frozen Mac OS app, and does not occur
when running source after shell limits are raised with "ulimit -n 9999".
Mac app and shell limits can differ, but it's wildly convoluted (search
the web for "mac os which command controls open file limits").
This bug has not been seen on Windows, in either command line or frozen
executable contexts; Windows file limits are likely higher, in the system
and/or C libraries. It may also vary by image type: on Macs it cropped
up after processing 325 images in one use case, but fewer in others, and
handles 470+ in one without error. You can read more about the bug on
GitHub and such: https://www.google.com/search?q=pillow+too+many+open+files.
This bug can also be triggered in PyPhoto, but only for very large folders;
when running source code in a shell; on platforms with low open-file limits
(Macs); and for runs that generate very many thumbs (unlike thumbspage,
PyPhoto always caches and reuses thumbs made in prior runs). Frozen PyPhoto
apps and executables are generally immune. By contrast, thumbspage is run
via command line only, and must try to support all Pillows on all platforms.
Subtle bit: opening the PyPhoto app from a shell via "open -a PyGadgets"
on a Mac does not trigger the error; this bug is just a source-code issue
(e.g., "python3 .../pygadgets/_PyPhoto/PIL/pyphoto.py -InitialFolder big").
It kills the GUI in PyPhoto, but can be avoided by a "ulimit -n 9999".
PyPhoto note: learning-python.com/post-release-updates.html#pillowfilesbug.
The Fix:
The solution used here is to take control of the file away from Pillow
altogether. Instead of passing a filename to Image.open(), manually open
an image file; read it into a bytes, and pass it to Pillow wrapped in a
BytesIO object; and manually close the file. This guarantees that files
are closed. With this change, thumbspage supports folders of arbitrarily
many images in all contexts (thousands work, albeit in a fairly large page).
Note that the image.save() call does not leave files open. If it ever does,
a similar fix may be used - instead of passing a filename, either pass a
manually opened and closed output file, or a BytesIO object whose value
is extracted and written to a file manually (set its .name, or use Pillow's
EXTENSION[ext.lower()] for the image.save(obj) format argument). PyPhoto
does similar for storing image data in a pickle file.
Other Workaround Ideas:
An explicit image.close() by itself is not enough, and makes the image
object unusable. Although it also works to open with a temp image, .copy()
to a work image, and explicitly .close() the temp image (as suggested on
the web), this makes thumb builds much slower (~5X). This module could
also simply not send the image object back in the result list (it's not
used in thumbspage, and is auto-closed when reclaimed), but that won't work
for programs that need to use the returned image objects (e.g., PyPhoto).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2018: Auto-rotate images and thumbnails to display right-side up (optionally)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This module now automatically reorients (rotates) any tilted photos and
their generated thumbnails to be right-side up (top on top), if they have
valid "Orientation" Exif tags. This is especially useful for photos shot
on smartphones, but applies only to images with Exif tags (e.g., JPEG, TIFF)
from cameras and tools that tag files properly, and must change source-image
files in place because web browsers will not rotate them when displayed
in-page by the thumbspage client's viewer pages (see reorientImage() ahead).
Because of its limits and changes, this feature automatically backs up
image files with ".original" extensions, and both it and its backups can
be disabled with new function arguments. If desired or needed, disable
and manually rotate as preferred. Reorientation is not automatic or an
easy option in Pillow (should it be?). For tests: examples/reorientation.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2019: Remove tkinter GUI dependencies
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This module no longer requires the tkinter GUI module, unless its simple
GUI display is being used as a top-level script. This should make it
easier to use thumbspage in limited contexts (e.g., in Android apps).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2020: Convert to RGBA mode before making thumbs, retain rotated JPEG Exifs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To yield better quality thumbnails for downscaled images, some imagesare
now converted temporarily and internally to "RGBA" color mode just before
making thumbnails. This also benefits some non-downscaled images whose
thumbs were formerly obfuscated (e.g., some GIFS). In addition, rotated
JPEG images now retain their Exif tags (per a tip from shrinkpix), with
Orientation and dimension tags updated to reflect the rotation using the
piexif library now included in thumbspage. See "[1.7]" here for details.
[2.0] TBD: it's no longer clear that source-image rotation here is
necessary. Browsers may rotate both source and thumb automatically if
the source's Exif orientation tag is propagated to the thumbnail
(something that wasn't possible until 1.7). Then again, this code
works well and as planned as is, and eliminates at least one
browser-support dependency. More at UserGuide.html#tpsansrotates.
UPDATE: per that link, the proposed alternative is unusable, because
browsers still do not rotate oriented images universally in fall 2020.
To be inclusive, thumbspage must rotate because some browsers don't.
See also examples/reorientation/Unrotated-images-in-browsers/index.html.
Additional and later changes may not be logged here - see ahead for more,
and check "UserGuide.html#Version History" for the full story on changes.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2021: Thumbnail auto and/or manual enhancements, drop noise and blur [2.1]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To yield better thumbnails and support user enhancements, thumbspage now
supports and applies configurable thumbnail enhancements after images
are shrunk. Presets boost save quality to avoid loss/noise produced by
JPEG compression, and sharpen all thumbnail images to negate the blurring
inherent in Pillow downscale resizes. Other settings support arbitrary
changes to color, contrast, sharpness, brightness, and save quality, as
well as a new black-and-white thumbnails mode. Note: all these are applied
to thumbnails only, not to rotated originals; rotation is not a resize.
==============================================================================
"""
import os, sys, math
import mimetypes, io # add for file type, buffer [2018]
from PIL import Image # <== required for thumbs (always)
from PIL.ExifTags import TAGS # <== required for orientation tag [2018]
from PIL import ImageEnhance # [2.1] thumbnail enhancements
from user_configs import ( # [2.1] thumbnail enhancements
thumbsAutoHighQuality, # True = no JPEG compression noise (default)
thumbsAutoSharpen, # True = all images are less blurry (default)
thumbsAutoBlackWhite, # True = remove all color (a precoded b&w)
thumbsManualQualityFactor, # 0 (worst)..100 (best), None=default=75 (jpeg)
thumbsManualSharpnessFactor, # 0=blur, 1=original, 2=sharpen
thumbsManualContrastFactor, # 0=solid grey, 1=original, >1=vivid
thumbsManualColorFactor, # 0=black&white, 1=original, >1=saturated
thumbsManualBrightnessFactor # 0=black, 1=original, >1=brighter
)
from user_configs import THUMBS # [2.1] GUI viewer's folder: same as galleries
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Feb2019: now run iff __main__, to minimize dependencies (e.g., Android Termux).
# Caution: tkinter has Image too: reimport from PIL to replace, or use obj.attr.
#
# from tkinter import * # for GUI-viewer mode (has own unused Image)
# from PIL.ImageTk import PhotoImage # <== required for JPEG display (iff GUI)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# [1.7] use piexif to update Exif tags propagated on JPEG rotation
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
import piexif # third party, but shipped with thumbspage
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# [1.7] the new color-mode convert() ahead can generate a PIL UserWarning
# when converting some images "RGB", which appears harmless for this use
# case; silenced here initially, but later made moot by "RGBA" recoding.
# The full warning text is "Palette images with Transparency expressed
# in bytes should be converted to RGBA images" (including the 3 spaces),
# and percolates out of line 888 in Image.py in the Pillow version used.
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings(action='ignore', module="PIL.Image",
message="Palette images with Transparency.*")
"""
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# [2.0] Sep-2020: silence a harmless but excessive Pillow-library warning
# now issued stupidly for all large images. This includes perfectly valid
# 108MP images shot on a Note20 Ultra smartphone, among other >89M image
# devices. This also impacted tagpix, shrinkpix, and PyPhoto, requiring
# program rereleases - a typical open-source-agenda result, and an example
# of the pitfalls of "batteries included" development. Fix, please.
# More complete coverage (and diatribe): UserGuide.html#pillowdoswarning.
# Update: Pillow makes this an error _exception_ at limit*2: disable too.
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# in Pillows where this works
Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = None # stop both warning, and error at limit*2
# in case the preceding fails
if hasattr(Image, 'DecompressionBombWarning'): # not until 2014+ Pillows
import warnings
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', Image.DecompressionBombWarning)
#=============================================================================
# Thumbnail code follows
#=============================================================================
def printexc():
print('Exception:', sys.exc_info()[1]) # just the instance/message
def imageWideHigh(imgdir, imgname):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Utility for thumbspage: use PIL to get image dimensions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
imgpath = os.path.join(imgdir, imgname)
imgobj = Image.open(imgpath)
size = (imgobj.width, imgobj.height) # same as .size
imgobj.close() # unless auto closed?
return size
def isImageFileName(filename):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Borrowed from PyPhoto: skip non-image files explicitly.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] # (type?, encoding?)
return mimetype != None and mimetype.split('/')[0] == 'image' # e.g., 'image/jpeg'
def mimeType(pathorfilename):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Get mime type (e.g., 'image/jpeg'); mimetypes module is cryptic. [1.7]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
filename = os.path.os.path.basename(pathorfilename) # this is optional
return mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] # ignore encoding
def openImageSafely(imgpath):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Work around a Pillow image-file auto-close bug, that can lead to
too-many-files-open errors in some contexts (most commonly when
running source code on Mac OS, due to its low #files ulimit). The
fix is to simply take manual control of file opens and saves. For
more details, see this module's top docstring. This does not appear
to be required when opening existing thumb files, but is harmless.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
fileobj = open(imgpath, mode='rb') # was Image.open(imgpath)
filedat = fileobj.read()
fileobj.close() # force file to close now
imgobj = Image.open(io.BytesIO(filedat)) # file bytes => pillow obj
return imgobj
def getExifTags(imgobj):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Collect image-file metadata in a new dict, if any present (else empty).
This stores each tag value present under its mnemonic string name, by
mapping from image tag numeric ids to names, via the PIL.ExifTags table.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
tags = {}
try:
info = imgobj._getexif() # not all have Exif tags
if info != None:
for (tagid, value) in info.items():
decoded = TAGS.get(tagid, tagid) # map tag's id to name
tags[decoded] = value # use id if not in table
except Exception as E:
pass
return tags
def fixFailingExifTags(parsedexif):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1.7, Jun-2020] piexif bug temp workaround: correct uncommon Exif tags
(e.g., 41729, which is piexif.ExifIFD.SceneType) whose miscoding on some
devices triggers an exception in piexif's dump() - but not its load().
Other failing tags will still fail in dump(), and skip auto-rotation.
Until piexif addresses this more broadly, this munges SceneType from
int to byte and converts another from tuple to bytes*4 if needed (and
defensively: stuff happens). The piexif exceptions formerly crashed
thumbspage before it was changed to restore originals. Bug reports:
tag 41729 => https://github.com/hMatoba/Piexif/issues/95
tag 37121 => https://github.com/hMatoba/Piexif/issues/83
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
parsedExif = parsedexif['Exif'] # parsed tags: dict of dicts
# fix SceneType? 1 => b'\x01'
if 41729 in parsedExif:
tagval = parsedExif[41729] # miscoded on some Galaxy
if type(tagval) is int: # munge from int to byte
if 0 <= tagval <= 255:
parsedExif[41729] = bytes([tagval])
print('--Note: bad SceneType Exif tag type was corrected')
else:
del parsedExif[41729]
print('--Note: bad SceneType Exif tag type was dropped')
# fix ComponentsConfiguration? (1, 2, 3, 0) => b'\x01\x02\x03\x00'
if 37121 in parsedExif:
tagval = parsedExif[37121]
if type(tagval) is tuple:
if (len(tagval) == 4 and
all(type(x) is int for x in tagval) and
all(0 <= x <= 255 for x in tagval)):
parsedExif[37121] = bytes(tagval)
print('--Note: bad ComponentsConfiguration Exif tag was corrected')
else:
del parsedExif[37121]
print('--Note: bad ComponentsConfiguration Exif tag was dropped')
# other tag failures cause auto-rotation to be skipped for an image
def getUpdatedExifData(imgstart, imgrotate, delthumbs=True):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1.7] Update the values of Exif orientation and dimension tags in a
rotated JPEG image to reflect the rotation, before saving to disk.
Fixing dimensions is not crucial (the rotated copy is meant for display
in thumbspage galleries only). But the old orientation tag value would
make some other viewers reorient a reoriented image with flipped results
(this includes underlying web browsers for thumbspage Raw displays), and
would also trigger spurious thumbspage rerotations on every future run.
This requires the third-party piexif library, now shipped with thumbspage,
because Pillow has no support for Exifs apart from raw bytes data.
[Jun-2020] piexif bug temp workaround: fixFailingExifTags() now corrects
some uncommon tags whose miscoding triggers exceptions in piexif.dump().
[2.1] If delthumbs, delete an embedded thumbnail if present in rotated
images. Else, some tools (e.g., file explorers) might show the thumb
askew even if the file's main image has been rotated. Deleting is the
simplest fix here, given that thumbspage makes its own thumbs, the
image is meant for use in its galleries, tools will do the right thing
without a thumb, and the full original is always backed up before mods.
Embedded thumbs seem a Very Bad Idea overall: they are apt to grow out
of sync badly, unless photo-editors and developers double their workload.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
origexif = imgstart.info.get('exif', b'') # original raw bytes from Pillow
if not origexif: # piexif bombs if b''
saveexif = origexif
else:
parsedexif = piexif.load(origexif) # parse to dict for changes here
# piexif work-around: fix tags known to trigger exceptions
fixFailingExifTags(parsedexif)
# update tags
parsedexif['0th'][piexif.ImageIFD.Orientation] = 1
parsedexif['Exif'][piexif.ExifIFD.PixelXDimension] = imgrotate.width
parsedexif['Exif'][piexif.ExifIFD.PixelYDimension] = imgrotate.height
# [2.1] drop embedded thumb, if any (it's bytes if present)
if delthumbs and parsedexif.get('thumbnail', None):
print('--Note: embedded thumbnail was deleted')
parsedexif['thumbnail'] = None
saveexif = piexif.dump(parsedexif) # back to raw bytes for Pillow
return saveexif # pass to Pillow save
def reorientImage(imgobj, imgpath, backups=True, delthumbs=True):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rotate the image to be right-side up (top-side-top) if needed, before
making its thumb. This also rotates the source (file) image, and is
just an automatic alternative to manually rotating before making thumbs.
This might rotate for thumbs only and not save to source images, but
not all viewers will rotate the source image when opened from the thumb.
In this code's thumbspage client, specifically, browsers will not rotate
the image when viewer pages display it as an in-page element, and may
not rotate in raw view (the related PyPhoto may or may not need to save
images too, but works in memory, and uses a forked version of this code).
Because this overwrites images, the original is saved to a ".original"
copy if backups==True when rotated (which happens just once, after which
no rotation is needed). Note: this uses transpose(), not rotate() - the
latter may change more, subject to Pillow implementation and changes.
[2.1] delthumbs==True drops embedded thumbnails in getUpdatedExifData.
----
[1.7] This now propagates Exif tags from an original source image to its
rotated and saved copy, and updates Exif orientation and dimension tags.
Without propagating, date-taken doesn't appear in image-info dialogs;
without updating, images are flipped by browsers and thumbspage reruns.
UPDATE: the Pillow library has a scantly mentioned exif_transpose() in
PIL.ImageOps, which tries to do much of what this code does, including
image rotation and Exif propagation (though it deletes the orientation
tag after righting the image, instead of changing it). This was not
used, mostly because it doesn't allow the finer-grained control needed
here, but also because it seems a functional superset prone to break.
In fact, exif_transpose() today issues disturbing warnings, and drops
Exif tags sans extra help; see UserGuide.html#tpsansrotates_rejection.
----
[1.7, June-2020] This now auto restores the backed-up original if it's
been saved, but the save of the rotated version fails. This cropped
up when piexif.dump() raised bad-tag exceptions in getUpdatedExifData().
----
[2.0] TBD: this code works well, but rotation of images might not be
required here if the source's Exif orientation tag is copied to the thumb.
See the top docstring and UserGuide.html#tpsansrotates for more details.
UPDATE: per that link, the proposed alternative is unusable, because
browsers still do not rotate oriented images universally in fall 2020.
To be inclusive, thumbspage must rotate because some browsers don't.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
tags = getExifTags(imgobj) # not all have Exif tags
orientation = tags.get('Orientation') # not all have this tag
if orientation:
transforms = {
# other transforms don't make sense here
1: None, # top up (normal)
3: Image.ROTATE_180, # upside down
6: Image.ROTATE_270, # turned right
8: Image.ROTATE_90 # turned left
}
transform = transforms.get(orientation, None) # not all tag values used
# rotate image in memory
if transform != None:
print('--Reorienting tilted image')
imgstart = imgobj
try:
imgobj = imgobj.transpose(transform) # rotate to a new copy
except:
imgobj = imgstart # abandon the mission
print('--Transform failed: skipped') # punt: can't auto fix
printexc()
else:
# update source image on disk too, after optional backup
saveokay = True
if backups:
try: # be defensive: stuff fails
backup = imgpath + '.original'
os.replace(imgpath, backup) # rename + overwite prior
except: # normally rotates just once
saveokay = False
imgobj = imgstart # abandon the mission
print('--Source backup failed: skipped')
printexc()
if saveokay:
try:
# [1.7] propagate JPEG Exifs, update some
# [2.1] don't enhance rotated original, cut embedded thumbs
if mimeType(imgpath) == 'image/jpeg':
saveexif = getUpdatedExifData(imgstart, imgobj, delthumbs)
saveargs = dict(exif=saveexif)
else:
saveargs = {}
imgobj.save(imgpath, **saveargs) # rotate source image too
except:
imgobj = imgstart # abandon the mission
print('--Source rotate failed: skipped')
printexc()
print('--Rotate manually and rerun if desired')
if backups:
try:
# [1.7, Jun-2020] pyexif fail, permissions, etc.
# restore the original so the build finishes
os.replace(backup, imgpath)
except:
# unikely, but no fix: will terminate ahead
print('--Restore failed: see .original')
printexc()
return imgobj # new or original
def enhanceThumb(imgobj):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[2.1] Apply any configurable thumbnail enhancements, after image shrunk.
Note: these are applied to thumbnails only, not to rotated originals;
rotation is not a downscale resize in the library (presumably).
Enhancements run on images in memory, quality is used when saving, and
both are applied after using a resampling filter to resize original images
into thumbs. Image.LANCZOS is Pillow's "best" resize filter, but it makes
thumbs blurry, and default JPEG saves can yield minor noise, so the user
configs file presets thumbsAutoHighQuality and thumbsAutoSharpen to True.
All other thumbs configs default to False or None, and any can be changed.
----
AUTO enhancements: precoded common changes, use one or more:
thumbsAutoHighQuality = True (default)
No JPEG and TIFF compression: removes some rare and minor loss/noise
visible only at higher browser zooms in some images, in exchange for
trivial extra thumbs space--6.7M/6.6M for 112 images sharpened/not,
vs 6M either way using the default blurry quality. These size figures
include both HTML files and images in an example's thumbnails folder;
images alone occupy just around 1M in all cases. This enhancement works
by passing a maximum save-quality parameter for all thumbs; other image
types respond to quality too (e.g., WebP interprets it differently for
lossy and lossless), but 0..100 is broadly worst..best for all types.
Note: Pillow's docs say 95 is the max to use for best JPEG quality,
but 100 generally means "best" across all image types. For JPEG, 100
yields no visible thumbs difference from 95 even at very high (200%)
browser zooms, and requires more space (e.g., @112 images, quality 100
yields 6.7M/6.6M sharpened/not, vs 6.3M/6.2M for quality 95). An extra
4K space seems wildly trivial, but use thumbsManualQualityFactor=95
(or lower) if you need smaller thumbs; unfortunately, the meaning of
Pillow quality is overloaded, and galleries may have many image types.
thumbsAutoSharpen = True (default)
A fixed sharpness enhancement, applied to all image types. This negates
blurring inherent in Pillow downscale resizes (e.g., for thumbs), and
makes all thumbs noticeably clearer. Downsides: this can yield rare and
minor noise in some images at higher zooms, and a very modest increase in
space for thumb folders (e.g., 6.7M vs 6.6M @112 images with high quality).
The extra clarity seems well both tradeoffs.
thumbsAutoBlackWhite = False
Preset black and white, via removing all color (off by default).
This is just a common effect, not a visual optimization.
----
MANUAL enhancements: use one or more instead of or in addition to autos:
thumbsManualQualityFactor = None: 0 (worst)..100 (best), None=default=75 (jpeg)
thumbsManualSharpnessFactor = None: 0=blur, 1=original, 2=sharpen
thumbsManualContrastFactor = None: 0=solid grey, 1=original, >1=vivid
thumbsManualColorFactor = None: 0=black&white, 1=original, >1=saturated
thumbsManualBrightnessFactor = None: 0=black, 1=original, >1=brighter
These provide full user control. In all five of these: None=ignore, and
number=apply. In the last four: 1.0=original, < 1.0 is less, > 1.0 is more.
----
Relevant Pillow docs:
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
reference/ImageEnhance.html?highlight=ImageEnhance
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
handbook/image-file-formats.html?highlight=quality
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def tryEnhancement(imgobj, enhancement, factor):
"""
Enhancements can fail--most notably for some GIFs, with error
message "cannot filter palette images". Skip the failing step
with a message, but try any others (including save quality),
and save thumb. print() still goes to stdout at this stage.
"""
try:
enhancer = getattr(ImageEnhance, enhancement)(imgobj)
newimg = enhancer.enhance(factor)
return newimg
except Exception as E:
print('Enhancement "%s" failed and skipped: [%s]' % (enhancement, E))
return imgobj
#
# AUTO enhancements: see above
#
saveQuality = {}
if thumbsAutoHighQuality:
saveQuality = dict(quality=100)
if thumbsAutoSharpen:
imgobj = tryEnhancement(imgobj, 'Sharpness', 2.0)
if thumbsAutoBlackWhite:
imgobj = tryEnhancement(imgobj, 'Color', 0.0)
#
# MANUAL enhancements: see above
#
if thumbsManualQualityFactor != None:
saveQuality = dict(quality=thumbsManualQualityFactor)
if thumbsManualSharpnessFactor != None:
imgobj = tryEnhancement(imgobj, 'Sharpness', thumbsManualSharpnessFactor)
if thumbsManualContrastFactor != None:
imgobj = tryEnhancement(imgobj, 'Contrast', thumbsManualContrastFactor)
if thumbsManualColorFactor != None:
imgobj = tryEnhancement(imgobj, 'Color', thumbsManualColorFactor)
if thumbsManualBrightnessFactor != None:
imgobj = tryEnhancement(imgobj, 'Brightness', thumbsManualBrightnessFactor)
return imgobj, saveQuality # new or original thumb image, save parameter
def makeThumbs(imgdir, # path to the folder of source-image files
size=(100, 100), # (x, y) max size for generated thumbnails
subdir='_thumbspage', # path to folder to store thumbnail files
rotate=True, # reorient tilted images and their thumbs?
backups=True, # save a .original of any images rotated?
delthumbs=True): # delete embedded thumbnails to avoid skew?
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Get thumbnail images for all images in a directory. For each full image,
either load and return an existing thumb, or create and save a new thumb.
Makes thumb folder "subdir" in "imgdir" if it doesn't already exist.
Returns a list of (image-filename, thumb-image-object), ordered only by
underlying platform's directory-listing order: caller may wish to run the
result through sorted() to unify ordering portably. Caller can also run
os.listdir() on thumbs folder to access/load its thumbs after the call.
On bad file types this may raise IOError, or other. Caveat: could also
check file timestamps and source-image file existence to detect image
changes and deletions requiring new thumbs (see PyPhoto, which does).
As is, reusing existing thumbs for speed must assume no image changes.
TBD: skip ".*" Unix hidden files here, so don't appear in galleries?
----
[1.7] Downscaling images with shrinkpix yields poor thumbnails for some
(e.g., when changed to "P" color mode). Convert to "RGBA" temporarily
here when needed/possible for results as good as those formerly produced
for original, unshrunk images. This also improves thumbs for some unshrunk
images too (e.g., GIFs). See learning-python.com/shrinkpix/ for shrinkpix.
This conversion is surprisingly complex:
- It cannot be applied to JPEGs ("RGBA" fails for the later save).
- It does improve thumbs for some unshrunk GIFs, but cannot be used if
they have transparency (else the transparent parts render black).
- "RGB" mode is less stringent, but renders Mac OS screenshot shadows
solid black too, instead of the former graded display (black better
matches viewer pages, but only if they use default background colors).
- "RGB" can issue a spurious PIL warning ignored above (but now moot).
- High "quality" in save() didn't help for thumbnails.
----
[2018]: Mod to use changes in PyPhoto fork: mimetypes, filter, tiffs.
[2018]: Mod to avoid too-many-open-files bug in Pillow (see above).
[2018]: Mod to auto-reorient images+thumbs right-side up if rotate==True.
[2020]: Mod to propagate and update Exif tag values on rotations.
[2020]: Mod to use RGB color modes for shrunken images quality.
[2021]: Mod to enhance thumbnail images - preset or customized.
[2021;: Mod to delete embedded thubmnails to avoid skew in some tools.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
thumbdir = os.path.join(imgdir, subdir)
if not os.path.exists(thumbdir):
os.mkdir(thumbdir)
thumbs = []
for imgfile in os.listdir(imgdir):
if not isImageFileName(imgfile): # avoid exceptions [2018]
print('Skipping:', imgfile)
continue
thumbpath = os.path.join(thumbdir, imgfile) # thumb name == image name
if os.path.exists(thumbpath):
# use already-created thumb (assume image same)
thumbobj = openImageSafely(thumbpath) # Pillow workaround [2018]
thumbs.append((imgfile, thumbobj)) # was Image.open(thumbpath)
else:
# make new thumb (image same or not)
print('Making thumbnail:', thumbpath)
imgpath = os.path.join(imgdir, imgfile)
try:
# work around Pillow auto-close bug [2018]
imgobj = openImageSafely(imgpath) # was Image.open(imgpath)
# rotate to right-side up and save to disk, if needed [2018]
if rotate:
imgobj = reorientImage(imgobj, imgpath, backups, delthumbs)
# fix for downscaled images and some GIFs per above [1.7]
if (imgobj.mode != 'RGBA' and
mimeType(thumbpath) != 'image/jpeg' and
not (mimeType(thumbpath) == 'image/gif' and
imgobj.info.get('transparency'))):
imgobj = imgobj.convert('RGBA')
# resize to thumbnail now
if hasattr(Image, 'LANCZOS'): # best downsize filter [2018]
imgobj.thumbnail(size, Image.LANCZOS) # but newer Pillows only
else:
imgobj.thumbnail(size, Image.ANTIALIAS) # original filter
# [2.1] apply any thumbnail enhancements
imgobj, saveQuality = enhanceThumb(imgobj)
# save thumbnail image
if mimeType(thumbpath) != 'image/tiff': # mimeType(), not ext [1.7]
imgobj.save(thumbpath, **saveQuality) # type via ext or passed
else:
# work around C lib crash: see PyPhoto's code [2018]
imgobj.save(thumbpath, compression='raw', **saveQuality)
thumbs.append((imgfile, imgobj)) # no need to discard image
except Exception: # skip ctrl-c, not always IOError
print('Failed:', imgpath) # continue to next image/file
printexc()
return thumbs # caller: use this or os.listdir(thumbs-folder)
#=============================================================================
# GUI-mode code follows (used iff __main__, not available to other clients)
#=============================================================================
if __name__ == '__main__':
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
When this file is run directly: make thumbs, show simple image-viewer GUI.
Feb2019: all GUI code is now nested here, to avoid the tkinter dependency.
This allows thumbspage to be run in contexts with Pillow but no tkinter
(e.g., Termux on Android), but precludes importing and using the GUI class
and function below from elsewhere (but that is a very unlikely use case).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
# Use PIL.Image above, not tkinter.Image: reimport from PIL to replace.
# If not __main__, the earlier imports suffice for the functions above.
# If __main__, imports here set globals used when functions above are run.
# The third import below also replaces tkinter.PhotoImage with PIL's.
#
from tkinter import * # for GUI-viewer mode
from PIL import Image # <== required for thumbs (post tkinter)
from PIL.ImageTk import PhotoImage # <== required for JPEG display (iff GUI)
class ViewOne(Toplevel):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Open a single image in a pop-up window when created. PhotoImage
object must be saved: Tk images are erased if object is reclaimed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def __init__(self, imgdir, imgfile):
Toplevel.__init__(self)
self.title(imgfile)
imgpath = os.path.join(imgdir, imgfile)
imgobj = PhotoImage(file=imgpath)
Label(self, image=imgobj).pack()
print(imgpath, imgobj.width(), imgobj.height()) # size in pixels
self.savephoto = imgobj # keep reference on me
def viewer(imgdir, kind=Toplevel, cols=None):
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Make thumb-links window for an image directory: one thumb button per image.
Use kind=Tk to show in main app window, or Frame container (pack). imgfile
differs per loop: must save with a default. PhotoImage objs must be saved:
erased if reclaimed. Packed row frames (versus grids, fixed-sizes, canvas).
[2.1] import and use the config file's THUMBS for the thumbnail subfolder
name here; else, this may differ from that used for built HTML galleries.
If it manages to differ anyhow (e.g., if the config setting changes), the
subfolder won't appear in galleries as long as it starts with "_" or ".".
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
win = kind()
win.title('Viewer: ' + imgdir)
quit = Button(win, text='Quit', command=win.quit, bg='beige') # pack first
quit.pack(fill=X, side=BOTTOM) # so clip last
thumbs = makeThumbs(imgdir, subdir=THUMBS)
if not cols:
cols = int(math.ceil(math.sqrt(len(thumbs)))) # fixed or N x N
savephotos = []
while thumbs:
thumbsrow, thumbs = thumbs[:cols], thumbs[cols:]
row = Frame(win)
row.pack(fill=BOTH)
for (imgfile, imgobj) in thumbsrow:
photo = PhotoImage(imgobj)
link = Button(row, image=photo)
handler = lambda savefile=imgfile: ViewOne(imgdir, savefile)
link.config(command=handler)
link.pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES)
savephotos.append(photo)
return win, savephotos
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Top-level/main logic: make thumbs, open a simple tkinter image-viewer GUI.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
imgdir = (len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1]) or 'images'
main, save = viewer(imgdir, kind=Tk)
# add other-viewers note [2018]
popup = Toplevel()
popup.title('Other Image Viewers')
note = ('For better viewing options, see:\n\n'
'PyPhoto - at learning-python.com/pygadgets.html\n'
'thumbspage - at learning-python.com/thumbspage.html')
label = Label(popup, bg='ivory', text=note, width=60, height=8)
label.pack(anchor=CENTER, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
main.after(1000, popup.lift) # raise one second after main opens
main.mainloop() # open GUI, wait for user events